Marvel at the intelligent design of butterflies in this talk by Dr. Paul Nelson, Senior Fellow, Discovery Institute. Presented at the 2025 Dallas Conference on Science and Faith.

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Note: The research review article mentioned by Paul Nelson at 22:20 of this video is Jens Rolff et al., “Complete metamorphosis of insects,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 374: 20190063. dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0.... The relevant passage occurs on page 4, as follows:

“In this special issue, papers by Bellés [49], Ishimaru et al. [50], Jindra [48] and Truman & Riddiford [52] all address this evolutionarily important question. The papers naturally concentrate on ways in which the various theories differ. It is instructive, however, to look for common ground; interestingly the ‘Hinton 2’ and ‘Berlese’ models agree that the pupal stage must have arisen as a modified preadult (i.e. larval or nymphal) stage and is not a modified adult stage. The difference is that in the ‘Hinton 2’ scheme it is assumed that the evolution of the holometabolous larva predated the appearance of the pupa (which is thus a modified larva), and the preceding larval stages are considered homologous with the original larval or nymphal condition, while according to the ‘Berlese’ model, what are now designated as larval stages were originally the embryonic ‘pronymph’, and what is now the pupa is the survivor of the original prelarval stage. It is evident from the different conclusions reached by these authors that the matter is far from resolved. We suppose that the relevant papers in this special issue will crystallize some of the questions that will need to be answered before textbook authors can decide how to present a single settled

account of the matter to future entomologists.”

Link to article: royalsocietypublishing.org/doi...

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