- [Explore ](https://reasons.org/explore) - - Publication - - Reassessing Aquinas’s Second Way: The Relevance of Efficient Causality in Philosophy and Contemporary Science  Publication Reassessing Aquinas’s Second Way: The Relevance of Efficient Causality in Philosophy and Contemporary Science =============================================================================================================  by **B. Kyle Keltz** January 28, 2025 Abstract: Are there historical arguments for God’s existence that remain relevant to the STEMM community? Discover how thirteenth-century philosopher-theologian Thomas Aquinas’s “Five Ways” offers powerful logical arguments that point to the existence of God and are compatible with current scientific thought. In this paper, philosopher B. Kyle Keltz briefly explains one of Aquinas’s arguments for God’s existence (the second way) and notions of causality assumed within the argument. Keltz emphasizes where science ends and metaphysics begins throughout the argument and seeks to dispel common misconceptions regarding the second way. Before concluding, Keltz contrasts Aquinas’s thought with physicist Lawrence Krauss’s idea that the universe could have arisen from nothing. if(window.DEARPDF && window.DEARPDF.parseElements){window.DEARPDF.parseElements();} Logic & ReasonPhilosophy & Ethics      [  ](https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/reflections/reflections-on-social-media-is-digital-networking-a-good-phenomenon-part-1 "Reflections on Social Media: Is Digital Networking a Good Phenomenon? Part 1")##### Reflections on Social Media: Is Digital Networking a Good Phenomenon? Part 1 In July 2016, the Facebook Messenger app marked the amazing milestone of having 1 billion daily active users. And Twitter now claims 313 million... Logic & Reason [  ](https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/voices/why-would-a-loving-god-punish-us "Why Would a Loving God Punish Us?")##### Why Would a Loving God Punish Us? When I was five years old, Postman Pat was my favorite TV show. So, when I misbehaved my punishment included missing the show. I... Logic & Reason [  ](https://reasons.org/explore/blogs/reflections/think-again-the-danger-of-preferential-reasoning "Think Again: The Danger of Preferential Reasoning")##### Think Again: The Danger of Preferential Reasoning There seems to be a tendency in human beings to draw the logical conclusion that each of us prefers to be true. So when... Logic & Reason